Health disparities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health disparities - Essay Example bservations that I made an as FNP student is that health center patients are more ethnically and racially diverse compared to national patients (Kronenfeld, 2013). In addition, health center patients are highly likely to be publicly insured or uninsured. Disparities in primary care setting are based on appropriateness, access and use of care. These disparities are caused by factors such as sex, income, health condition, race or ethnicity and geography. Patients with care sensitive conditions in low-income groups from rural areas are highly likely to indicate that their visit to the emergency department was because of a medical condition that was treatable by a primary care provider. Women with care sensitive conditions have a low probability of receiving information regarding medication side effects. In addition, they did not receive the four recommended tests required for chronic condition monitoring. They were also denied the right tools required for the self-management of their condition. People in low-income groups also did not receive support from their primary care provider. These people reported that their provider did not involve them during clinical decision-making (Kronenfeld, 2009). They were also not involved in the crea tion of a treatment plan that would help in the management of their medical conditions. I am preparing myself to address these disparities by conducting studies on disparities in primary care setting. In addition to the studies, I have interviewed healthcare professionals with an aim of gaining insights into the causes of the disparities and likelihood of avoiding them (Buttaro, 2013). I have performed a literature review of relevant literature on disparities in primary care setting. Most importantly, I have identified the most vulnerable demography and scheduled a survey with them in order to collect their views on the disparities experienced. If awarded the scholarship, I will use the funds to finance my studies on how the

Human development Essay Example for Free

Human development Essay Life starts at conception. Immediately fertilization takes place changes and events occur that will determine the kind of person to be born. This research tries to find out the effect of early life on the later life of an individual. And if early life affects the later life of the individual, then do children who grow up in violent communities have a tendency to exhibit violent behaviors as adults? The research will apply the cross-sectional design. People who differ in age are studied at the same time. A comparison of age related changes and the social behavior is done. A hypothesis is put forward and a cross-sectional experiment is done to test it. One advantage of this design is that one can collect data from different ages of children over a short period of time. Stages of human development After fertilization takes place, the zygote is formed. The zygote undergoes cell division some hours after it is formed. It takes one week to reach the uterus. In the uterus there occurs implantation. The zygote makes connection to the blood vessels. This process takes about one week(Brian Scott, 2005). After the zygote completely implant into the uterus, it becomes the embryo. This stage occurs between the 3rd week and the 9th week. During this stage the human body structure start to develop. The internal organs also start developing. The embryo consist of three layers: the ectoderm, the outer layer; the endoderm, the middle layer and the endoderm, inner layer. The ectoderm develops into the skin and hair; the mesoderm develops into bones , cartilages and the cardiovascular system ; the third layer develops into the internal organs . The heart start beating after four weeks. By 8 most body organs can be seen in although not well developed. Brian and Scott, 2005 ). The embryo rest in the amniotic sac which contains amniotic fluid. This fluid protects it. The embryo is connected to the mother via the placenta and the umbilical cord. The development of the embryo follows two principles: the cephalocaudal i. e it develops from head towards the legs and the proximodistal – the parts near the centre of the body develops first e. g the arm develops before the hands (Lichtenberg Norton,1970). The third stage is the Fetus stage. This stars from the ninth week. At this stage, most body organs start to work. There is remarkable increase weight. During this period, the body systems like the respiratory system develop. The fetus can move and play in the uterus. It can hear the heart mother’s hear beat and the mother speak. It can detect flavor. The fetus’s senses are developed. The sensory influence can have a lifetime effect on the fetus. A research done by deCasper and Spence( cited in Lorraine ) shows that the last few months of prenatal developments can shape the life of the newborn infant. It can have either positive or negative effect on the infant. For instance extreme stress in the mother can have several effects: First, the stress tigress the production of hormones which reduces the level of oxygen consumption of the fetus. Second, stress may affect eating habits of the mother thus affecting the fetus in turn. Third, it may cause the mother not to take onto account resting, exercising and may influence her to drink. All these have negative effect on the fetus (Joseph , Sandraw,1994). The mother’s age. The mother’s age seems to have an effect on the newborn baby. For instance teenage mothers mothers are likely to have problems during pregnancy and during birth. This is because they may not have the resources and skills to give them a good prenatal care. Again children born by teenage mothers may have problems. However a study ( Leavitt, 1993) revealed that it is the environmental and economic background that affect the child and not necessarily the age of the mother. Also the prenatal care given to the mother determines the behavior of the child. Nevertheless, older women, over 35 years experience more problems during pregnancy than younger women. They also record higher rates of miscarriage and Down ’s syndrome (Cited in Nelson). In general, for a healthy pregnancy and healthy baby, the age of the mother should be between 20 to 35 years. Teratogens. : Drugs, deseases and environmental harzards. Teratotegen is anything that affect a pregnancy. Some teratogens are: Drugs: Many drugs consumed by pregnant women pose great danger to the fetus and the mother. This was discovered after a drug called thalidomide caused women to bear children with malformed body organs. Thalidomide was being used by pregnant women to assist them sleep Other examples of teratogens are alcohol, cocaine, caffeine, nicotine and cigarettes. Joseph Sandraw, 1994). Diseases: Some diseases do not have any serious effect on the pregnant women. However most viral and bacterial diseases have effect on the pregnancy. The most serious ones are AIDS, gonorrhea, syphilis and genital herpes. These may cause low immune system and various disorders in the unborn (Lichtenberg Norton, 1970). Environmental hazards: The wastes from the industries contain chemicals. These chemicals may be absorbed into the mother’s body in small quantities through breathing and drinks. These cause great damage to the fetus since they are teratogens. Environmental teratogens are more serious because the mother may not be aware that she is taking it. Thus she may not have control over it. (Joseph Sandraw, 1994). However some teratogens may be avoided especially those found in food as food additives. Freud(1954) suggested that life starts at birth. Most psychoanalysts of his time believed so. They believed that the brain developed at infancy. Winnicot(cited in Freud) did a research which found that the experience of the unborn is very important the infant. It could have emotional implications that could affect the person even as an adult. Winnicott observed children and saw that there very many differences. He noted that problems caused during labor could traumatize the baby who develops a lot of distress. He conclusively said that the experience gained in the womb remain in memory for a lifetime. In the womb, traumatized fetus even develops defensive mechanisms to face the expected trouble. Later research therapists conducted research and were able to conclude that early trauma created a lot of fear for the rest of the life of the infant. The feelings of anxiety, seeing being devoured by ogres, falling into a bottomless bit are as a result of early trauma. An example is given of an infant who was mistakenly exposed to cold in a very cold night (Lorraine). This child always dreamt lying in the refrigerator and this continued even after 30 years. This shows that early trauma caused the infant to expect disaster at any time. However the discovery of the effect of perinatal trauma on the life of an individual helped therapists to treat patients with problems related to early trauma (Freud, 1954). Recent research by perinatal psychologists, neurobiologists, experimental psychologists has shown great connection of fetal trauma to problems experienced later in life. Initially biologists used to think that the fetus had incomplete myelination of neurons and therefore it could not have memories. Research shows that the thinly myelinated nerves of fetus can transmit waves but at a lower rate. Joseph et al.. Thus the experience gained in the womb may make one to be aware of violence, disaster lack faith. With this in mind, parents have started to consider the unborn as part of the member of the family. A father who played a game with a baby and the mother found that the next baby easily learnt the game. These parents tried to avid any experiences that may cause fetal distress (Lichtenberg Norton,1970). Fourteen independent studies have shown the relationship between antenatal maternal anxiety and emotional distress in the child. Prenatal stages are likely to be affected by antenatal stress. These reports have suggested that maternal distress affect the fetus as evidenced by increased fetal heart rate (FHR). This is done by use of ultrasound and monitoring FHR over long periods of time. Both the experimental and distress –induced study design have been employed to achieve this. For a normal case, at about the 15th week of the pregnancy fetal movements exhibit a certain pattern. As developments progress the fetal movements become dependent on specific heart rate pattern. These patterns finally develop into sleep-wake patterns which characterize stable temporal origination near term. There is a relationship between body movements and FHR accelerations. Fetal behavior is organized in rest activity or sleep- wake cycle (Lichtenberg Norton, 970). Effect war and social violence Family violence and trauma caused by war are passed through generations. Adults who were exposed to abuse and violence are more likely to show violence to their own offspring. They have difficulty forgetting their past and live normally. War and violence are everywhere in our societies. Many ethnic clashes continue for years and our children are being exposed to their effects. The children are being thought that disputes are being solved by use of violence. This violence is passed from generation to generation. Research and behavioral science has began to confront the problems of children exposed to violence. (Heidi, 2002). Over the last few decades, there has been an increase in the prevalence of domestic violence. Domestic violence has severe effect on families and society in general. Domestic violence can be in the form physical abuse, psychological abuse and sexual abuse. Exposure to violence creates traumatic stress. Traumatic stress can be either short term or long-term. Terr ( cited in Brian Scott, 20005) describes short term trauma as â€Å"Type I† e. g a single event of rape or beating. He described repeated or prolonged trauma as â€Å"Type II†. Type II has more serious effects than type I. Individual exposed to this kind of trauma may develop Post Traumatic Stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD makes one to show routine withdrawal and oversensitivity. Many children from domestic violence homes show levels of (PTSD) (Leavitt, 1993). If untreated, the children exhibit violent behaviors, delinquency and other social and psychological problems. Since young child do have the ability to express themselves verbally, the emotional problems developed are behavioral such as lack of sleep, feeding problems, inability to concentrate, withdrawn and physical complaints. The pre-adolescents child may in addition to the above problems show loss of interest in peers, poor self concept violence,, defiant behavior and temper out bursts. Adolescents are likely to fail academically and start abusing drugs. Youth who exhibit violent behaviors can be traced to families experiencing domestic violence. An estimated 20% 30% of dating teenagers abuse or are being abused by their partners mentally, sexually, emotionally or physically. Between 30% and 50 % of adult relationships show the same cycle of violence (Leavitt, 1993) Nelson ( 2000), points out that community violence also has an impact on children who were victimized or who witnessed member of community or family members being victimized get affected. The effect of violence spread to even those children who are not directly affected by violence. Violence tampers with activities of the child which might make the child a better person. Impact of violence on the child depends on the level of development of the child. Early exposure to violence is more detrimental than later exposure( p. 266) In 1995 FBI report it reported that 27% of all violent crime involved domestic violence. All forms of violence affect the child’s mind. One study was done to show the connection between the brain and someone’s violence. Psychologists observed brain imaging data for a great number of people with violent behaviors. The research focused on specific brain regions. One was the orbital frontal cortex and the amyglada. The results showed that most of the cases, there was absence of normal activity in the orbital and anterior regions. While the shoed normal activity. The two regions will not counteract and this may explain some people are hyper aroused ( Lorraine).

Night :: essays research papers

A Night to Remember The most traumatic experience I've ever gone through was getting held up by three Mexicans. In some ways I regret my actions. If I had it my way, I would go back and handle myself a lot differently. Luckily, this situation now makes me think more when I'm in other tense situations. It all started Halloween night 2001 in Dallas, Texas. My girlfriend, Tamara and I were driving from her house to mine for the night. It was about a thirty-minute drive and somewhere along the way we got separated. Tamara called me about five minutes from my house and told me there were some guys following her. I said "okay, well meet me in front of my house and I'll see who it is. I thought it would be a bunch of high school punks. Tamara pulled up to my house and so did a red Ford Taurus. While pulling in the Taurus pinned Tamara's car in so it couldn't move. That's when these guys really started pissing me off. The guys in the Taurus didn't realize I was there because I had my lights off so I turned my brights on and speed in front of there car and got out and yelled "What the fuck are you doing following my girlfriend." After saying this I looked into the car and realized that these guys weren't in high school. They were three adult Mexican males who didn't loo k too happy with the words I had spoken. After a brief pause the man from the passenger seat got out of the car and shouted "what the fuck did you just say to me?" I froze in total shock as he pulled a gun on me and told me he was going to shoot me. I was totally numb at this point, as anyone would be. He then started yelling that I wasn't such a big man now and that I was just a punk ass white boy. The man started asking me what I thought about dieing and asking me if I wanted to die. I responded surprisingly calm and said "no sir, I don't want to die, and I’d like to live". The man must have asked me if I wanted to die a dozen or so times. The man continued to walk around ranting and raving and shouting at me. While walking around shouting he was waving his gun in my face which was making me very nervous.

Thomas Bateman: A Derbyshire Antiquary :: Medieval Archaeology Essays

Thomas Bateman: A Derbyshire Antiquary Thomas Bateman was born in 1821 at Rowsley, in the Derbyshire Peak District. His archaeological career, though relatively brief, is noteworthy both for its abundance, and the fact that his barrow-openings in Derbyshire and Staffordshire provide virtually the only evidence for the early Medieval archaeology of the Peak District and the elusive Peak Dwellers. Thomas's father, William Bateman, was an amateur antiquarian and pursued his pastime in accomplishing the excavation of a number of barrows on the family estate at Middleton. When William Bateman died in 1835 aged only 38, Thomas's upbringing and education were taken in hand by his grandfather. Thomas was educated at the non-conformist academy at Bootle, and from 1837 assisted in running the family estate, while in his spare time exploring the peakland, hunting, shooting, collecting flints and examining the many local ancient monuments. Bateman became a keen student of archaeology and read and was greatly influenced by Sir Richard Colt Hoare's seminal work Ancient Wiltshire. In 1841, Thomas reached his majority and set up his own house in Bakewell. He pursued an illicit affair with Mary Ann Mason, the wife of a boatman on the Cromford Canal, and for a some years they lived together as husband and wife, though they never married. Bateman's archaeological career began by observing the demolition of Bakewell's Medieval church. In 1843, he joined the newly formed British Archaeological Association, set up as a reaction to the influence of the Society of Antiquaries. Bateman attended the Canterbury Archaeological Congress of 1844 with Mary Mason, passing her off as his wife. At about this time, Bateman built his own country house, Lomberdale, at Middleton, where he continued to live with Mary Mason. The house incorporated many of the architectural fragments rescued from Bakewell Church and Bateman set up a museum there to hold his growing archaeological and ethnographic collection. Barrow Digging 1845-1861 Bateman's career as a barrow digger began in the 1840's. While at the 1844 Canterbury Congress he, along with other delegates, excavated a number of barrows in the countryside around Canterbury. In 1845, Bateman excavated 38 barrows in Derbyshire and Staffordshire, and was dubbed the Barrow Knight in a poem by fellow antiquarian Stephen Isaacson. In 1845 and 1846 Bateman toured the north of England with Mary Mason, and carried out excavations in York, where construction of the new railway was levelling a part of the city walls.

Water Refilling Shop

BASIC FEASIBILITY STUDY: A. ) CAPITAL INVESTMENT: 1. Water Refilling Machine †¦. †¦.. †¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. P 250,000. 00 (select packaged amount from the given price list) 2. Renovation or new store at least 20sqm size†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 75,000. 00 3. Delivery vehicle †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦ 75,000. 00 (motorcycle with carrier or multi-cab) 4. Business permit & other legal docs†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10,000. 00 (DTI, Mayor’s permit, Water testing, etc. ) 5. Initial Supplies /miscellaneous†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 31,750. 00 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. a. ) 150 Bottles slim †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 18,750. 0 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. b. ) 50 Bottles roun d †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7,500. 00 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. c. ) heat gun †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2,500. 00 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. d. ) Stickers †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3,000. 00 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Total P 441,750. 00 Let say total investment capital of †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. P 450,000. 00 Note: Actual investment may increased or decreased depends on your actual resources†¦ex. : a. ) less amt. for the delivery vehicle if you already have existing or you can buy 2nd unit. b. ) less amt. for the store buildg. f you have existing c. ) increase or decrease amt. on Refilling equipment, depends on what type of water p roduct you wants to sell. ( e. g. Mineral is only P150,000. 00 etc. )†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ,,,,,,,,,,,,, B. ) SALES / INCOME: Check market price per 5gal. container, price may vary depends on the area, time you use this computation and what type of water product you want to sell) e. g. : †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Mineral Water.. †¦.. P20 ~ P25 per container †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Purified Water†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. P30 ~ P35 per container †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Alkaline Water†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ P45 ~ P50 per container †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦PI Water†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. P200 ~ P250 per container Type of processed Drinking Water 1. ) MONTHLY SALES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ P39,000. 00 1ST 2 Months: Target is at least 50 containers /day (50 conta iners x P30. 00 selling price x 26days) 2. MONTHLY EXPENSES:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. P15,600. 00 a. ) Manpower/salaries†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. P 500/ day or†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ P 9,100. 00 /mo. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1 driver †¦.. P200 /day †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1 re-filler†¦. P150 /day b. ) Electric bill†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. P3,500. 00 c. ) Phone bill†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 500. 0 d. ) Transportation / gas allowance†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦ 1,500. 00 c. ) Consumables and others.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1,000. 00 3. NET PROFIT †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. P23,400. 00 (Gross Sales – Gross expenses = Net Profit) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ P39,000. 00 less P15,600. 00 = P23,400. 00 Note: you cannot compute your monthly sales based from your machine capacity (GPD Gallon Per Day) like other vendor’s computation, simply because you cannot sold 200 bottles a day in the 1st 2months operation of your business unless â€Å"dati ka nagtitinda and marami kana existing suki†. Pls. heck computation on the succeeding month†¦. Water Refilling Station Checklist One of fast expanding business in Manila, and in most Metro cities nationwide, is the water refilling station. It's mushrooming on every street corner, because a lot of people in urban areas prefer to get their drinking water from these water stations, it's simply clean and safe to drink. This is the reply from an ex-OFW about my inquiries of setting-up a water refilling station. He's an owner and supplier. Sir ito po ang complete information ko about water refilling station. In here meron po akong offer for 1000gpd, mga tips at requirements sa wrs.About your questions†¦ ROI maybe a year†¦ kasi we all know that the first three months ay more on marketing. If you will really decide to go into this business, I am willing to help you, I do not mind visiting the site kun meron na kayo. I will give you ideas how to run the business†¦ Promo ko po yan sa first five customers ko. Salamat and you will not regret going into this business†¦ Go into water refilling station business because: 1. You can earn 40 thousand a month. 2. Very easy to operate and can be installed right under your home. 3. Water is a basic need. Your customer will grow as time goes by.You can pass the business to your kids and generation ahead. 4. Lot of people really made it big beca use of this business. Do not let somebody do it before you do. 5. You will be proud and happy to own a water refilling station (speaking from experience). Equipments: 1000 GPD Reverse Osmosis Water Purifying Unit. 1. Filters: – 10Ãâ€"54†³ FRP (blue), Multimedia filter with timer head – 10Ãâ€"54†³FRP (blue), Granular Activated Carbon, with timer head – 10Ãâ€"54†³ FRP (Blue), Softener with timer head and brine tank – 20†³ slim (blue), 5 micron sediment filter – 20†³ slim (blue), polishing filter 2. Reverse Osmosis Unit – 1 no. 2. x40†³ R. O. membrane w/ stainless casing – ? hp procon pump, USA – Low pressure controller – 2 flowmeters – 2 Pressure gauges – stainless steel frame – Control Panel for automation. 3. Water tanks – 210gallons stainless steel raw water tank – 210 gallons stainless steek product tank 4. Disinfection – Ultraviolet – Ge rmicdal (5GPM) 5. Pumps , motors – 0. 5hp pumps, stainless head, Italy complete with 21 gallons s/s pressure tank, pressure switch at gauge. – 0. 5 hp pumps (raw), stainles head, Italy with switch and gauge. 6. Installation : – Installation and supply of pipes for 25sqmeter area is included in our offer. 7.Warranty – 1 year warranty for mechanical parts – 6 months warranty for electrical parts 8. Delivery: Free within Metro Manila 9. Support 1 year technical support. 1 week training of your staff. 10. Package Price: P250,000. 00 only Advantages of our system – The system is fully automatic and requires minimum maintenance and monitoring. – The system can be upgraded upto 2000GPD with minimum cost. – Pumps are from Italy – Protection from low pressure, overload and short circuit. I do not sell just to make money but also to help good and hard working people to survive this test in life – that is my commitment I kno w this usiness and I have learned to love it. Let me share my blessing. I am willing to help. Water Refilling Station Costing, requirements and other important informations. A. Capital Computation |a. 1000GPD water purification |250,000. 00 | |b. Renovation of the station |75,000. 00 | |c. Sign board |3,500. 00 | |d. Stickers |12,500. 00 | |e. 100 Bottles slim |12,500. 00 | |f. 100 Bottles round |15,000. 00 | |g.Motorcycle |65,000. 00 | |h. two layer side car |15,000. 00 | |i. Paper , documentation |3,500. 00 | |j. Water testing |4,500. 00 | |k. heat gun |2,500. 00 | |Total |459,000. 00 | |Say total capital |500,000. 00 | B. Cost, Sales, and Profit †¢ Rent 5,000 †¢ Meralco 6,000 †¢ Water 3,500 †¢ Driver salary 4,500 †¢ Refiller salary 3,000 †¢ Fuel 1,500 †¢ Telephone 500 †¢ Depreciation 2,500 Maintenance 1,000 †¢ Consumables 1,000 Total cost 28,500 Sales for 1000GPD Gallons (24hr. period) 1000 Bottles (5gal container) 200 bottles Monthly (26days) 5,200 bottles Sales (P35per bot) 182,000. 00 Net Profit 153,500. 00 monthly Kung half lang ng capacity ang nabenta.. meaning 100 bottles per day. Sales = 91,000 Net profit 62,500. 00 monthly, 64,000 monthly not bad pa rin di ba? Of course habang dumadami ang bottles produced at customer you may need to employ one more driver to accommodate the delivery. C. Important Requirements: 1. 25sq meters of space 2. Good source of water. Total Dissolved Solids must be below 500ppm.Meron ako tester na ginagamit to know ang TDS ng tubig. Above this TDS (500ppm) baka the quality ng product ay maapektuhan. D. Papers required for acquiring the License for your WRS 1. DTI 2. Barangay permit 3. Mayor's permit 4. Sanitary permit from Municipality or DOH E. Suggestions: E1. Location 1. You do not need to rent spacious place at along highway or road dahil tataas lang ang operating cost mo. If you have 25sqmeter sa bahay mo that will be enough. Or if you will rent naman siguro maximum take a pl ace that would cost from 5000 to 10,000 maximum at dapat meron agreement for 5 years at least. . If you are inside a well populated subdivision, very good because from the subdivision itsel you can easily earn 2 to 4k sales per day. At matipid pa sa gasolina. 3. You do not need to be along the highway dahil 90percent of your sales will be home delivery. E2: Equipments. †¢ Actually you are saving if you will get higher capacity of Reverse Osmosis purification unit. You need to run the system half of the time(12hrs. Only) to produce 1000 gallons. Anyway, yung equipments naman ay madali i-upgrade. †¢ If you can afford, get the fully automatic system.Wala ka ng babantayan na mapupuno or aapaw sa tanke. Just switch it on at it will automatically start and stop when empty at full na ang mga tangke. E3: Delivery You should have an idea kung saan ang maging market mo. Kung subdivision lang.. motorcycle na lang ang biling mo dahil it can carry 25 bottles din at matipid sa gasolina. In our case P500 full tank every 8-10days. Noong jeep ang gamit namin it is P100 per day. Some uses padyak lang. Kung posible sa lugar niyo why not. Contract : others will have a contract with motorcycle drivers P5 per gallon commission para ideliver ang tubig.Starting a Water Refilling Station Business It's easy to start with this kind of business, here's the procedures how: 1. Look for a supplier or seller of water refilling equipments and ask for the price list of different equipments that you can choose, if possible, ask for the feasibility study too to know how much the cost or total investment needed to put-up this type of business. 2. After studying the quotations and the total cost which you think is enough for your budget or capital, then you can start negotiating with the supplier. pic]Ask for discounts and know the after-sales support you can get from them like maintenance and warranty. Don't go for cheap equipments as this will not be worth in the long run. Always compa re and check carefully what you can see on the photos they give against the actual equipment. 3. After choosing the right equipment to purchase, look for a good place to put your refilling station. Some local municipals require a minimum of 25 sqm. total area for this type of business, but oftentimes 20 sqm is enough. If you don't want to rent a place, you can use your own house.Sales will not be a problem even you're inside a subdivision. 4. If you already found the location for you refilling station, you can now contact your preferred equipment supplier for your final negotiations. Ask for a typical layout of a water station from them that you can copy for your own water station. Some suppliers will check and evaluate the place for the best design and layout. 5. Oftentimes, the supplier will ask for a down payment before starting to prepare your equipments. The lead time for complete assembly is 2 to 3 weeks. Ask for a receipt or letter when paying for a down payment. 6.After clos ing the deal with the supplier, you can now start the construction of your water station that will take 3 to 4 weeks to finish. Start also making the deep well if this will be your preferred water source. Let the supplier check your water station during the construction to so that the lay-out will be strictly followed. It is very important that the carpenter follows the lay-out carefully especially on the washing area, pipings and drainage layout. While the construction is on-going, you can apply for a business permit to save time. 7. Go to the nearest DTI in your area and bring your residence certificate and barangay clearance.It's advisable to list 5 to 10 names you choose to name your business to avoid delay when your preferred name was already taken. 8. After getting the registered business name from DTI, go to your local municipal office and apply for a Mayor's business permit. The process takes 2 to 3 weeks depending on the area. Some municipal office will require you to submi t (a) water analysis of potability (physical, chemical and bacteriological test) from your raw or source of water. (b) Engineering drawings (building and electrical plan) signed by a sanitary engineer at other common legal requirement when applying for a building permit. . After getting the business permit and operation permit from municipal office, go to BIR and fill-up form 0506 and pay at the counter. After processing at BIR, you're now ready to make and print your receipts from the printing press. Some printing press will require you to show the approved form 0506 issued by BIR before printing your receipts. 10. It's now time to buy other supplies you will need like water containers, seals, heat gun, sanitizer soap, etc. You can also start doing your store's signage and sticker labels for your products. 11.Once the construction of your water station is finished and the water source is ready, you can now schedule the installation of the equipments (it's better to do it at night n ot too many people are roaming around). Complete installation takes 1 to 2 days only. 12. Allow the machine and equipments from 1 to 3 days to dry-run before selling the product, or get a sample for a water analysis. Go to the nearest DOH office and ask the procedures on how to test the water. Tip: it's better to get a water sample after a month of operation to make sure that the result of water analysis is good. 13.Wait for the result of water testing. If it passed, then good luck and welcome to the club! If it failed the test, call immediately the one who installed your equipments and let them check and analyze why. Other Frequently Ask Questions Q: What are the different types of water you can sell? A: There are four types of water that can be produced from the available equipments in the market today. 1. Mineral Water = Less investment but the disadvantage is shorter shelf life. 2. Purified Water = Equipments are more expensive that Mineral process with the use of â€Å"Reverse d Osmosis system†, the water will last up to 6 months. . Alkaline Water = Current fad because of positive write-ups about health benefits for people, but like mineral water, the shelf life is short. 4. PI Water = Started from Japan, known to have good effects in people's health but it's still quite expensive and not that popular in the Philippines. The customers are mostly Chinese. The selling price is about P200 to P250 per container (5gal. ) Q: What is the best source of water, Nawasa or deep well? A: Either of the two is fine, but deep well will give you a long term savings compared to Nawasa's costly monthly charge for commercial use.Q: How many personnel is required to run a water station? A: At first, 3 is enough, 1 driver, 1 helper and 1 refiller/washer. The number of personnel is relative to the demand of your products. Q: What are the consumable items with this type of business? Answer: †¢ Sediment Filter = replace every month or depending on the quality of the w ater source. †¢ GAC or Carbon Filter = usually 6 to 8 months average but if the water source is not good maybe 4 months only †¢ Carbon fillings = 8 moths to 1. 5 years average lifespan, or will be replaced if broken or the water starts to smell †¢ Daily use of seals Stickers Q: How true that this business is profitable and fast ROI? A: All business is not instant magic, the potential is good simply because water is a necessity. But this type of business, as with other business requires hard-work, patience, and ability to sell your product. Basic Feasibility Study A. Capital Investment 1. Water Refilling Machine – P 250,000. 00 2. Renovation or new store at least 20sqm size – 75,000. 00 3. Delivery vehicle (motorcycle with carrier or multi-cab) – 75,000. 00 4. Business permit & other legal docs (DTI, Mayor's permit, Water testing, etc. ) – 10,000. 0 5. Initial Supplies /miscellaneous – 31,750. 00 o a) 150 Bottles slim – 18,750. 00 o b) 50 Bottles round – 7,500. 00 o c) heat gun- 2,500. 00 o d) Stickers – 3,000. 00 6. Others – 8,250. 00 †¢ Total = P 450,000. 00 Note: Actual investment may increased or decreased depends on your actual resources, example: †¢ a. ) less amount for the delivery vehicle if you already have existing or you can buy 2nd unit. †¢ b. ) less amount for the store building if you have existing. †¢ c. ) increase or decrease amount on refilling equipment, depends on what type of water product you wants to sell ( e. . Mineral is only P150,000. 00 etc. ) B. Sales Income Check market price per 5 gal. container. Price may vary depends on the area what type of water product you want to sell: †¢ Mineral Water – P20 ~ P25 per container †¢ Purified Water – P30 ~ P35 per container †¢ Alkaline Water – P45 ~ P50 per container †¢ PI Water – P200 ~ P250 per container B1. Monthly Sales – P39,000. 00 †¢ 1ST 2 Months: Target is at least 50 containers /day (50 containers x P30. 00 selling price x 26days) B2. Monthly Expenses – P15,600. 00 1. Manpower/salaries – P 500/ day or P 9,100. 00 /mo. 1 driver – P200 /day o 1 re-filler – P150 /day 2. Electric bill – P3,500. 00 3. Phone bill – 500. 00 4. Transportation / gas allowance – 1,500. 00 5. Consumables and others – 1,000. 00 B3. Net Profit- P23,400. 00 (Gross Sales – Gross expenses = Net Profit) Note: You cannot compute your monthly sales based from your machine capacity (GPD Gallon Per Day) like other vendor's computation, simply because you cannot sold 200 bottles a day in the first 2 months operation of your business unless you're already operating for a year and you already established your customers in your area.

King Williams War in America

King Williams War in America King James II came to the English throne in 1685. He was not only Catholic but also pro-French. Further, he believed in the Divine Right of Kings. Disagreeing with his beliefs and fearing the continuation of his line, leading British nobles called upon his son-in-law William of Orange to take the throne from James II. In November 1688, William led a successful invasion with approximately 14,000 troops. In 1689 he was crowned William III and his wife, who was James II daughter, was crowned Queen Mary. William and Mary ruled from 1688 until 1694. The College of William and Mary was founded in 1693 in honor of their rule. Upon their invasion, King James II escaped to France. This episode in British history is called the Glorious Revolution. King Louis XIV of France, another strong proponent of Absolute Monarchies and the Divine Right of Kings, sided with King James II. When he invaded the Rhenish Palatinate, William III of England joined the League of Augsburg against France. This began the War of the League of Augsburg, also called the Nine Years War and the War of the Grand Alliance. Beginning of King Williams War in America In America, the British and the French were already having issues as frontier settlements fought for territorial claims and trading rights. When news of war reached America, fighting broke out in earnest in 1690. The war was referred to as King Williams War on the North American continent. At the time that the war started, Louis de Buade Count Frontenac was the Governor General of Canada. King Louis XIV ordered Frontenac to take New York in order to have access to the Hudson River. Quebec, the capital of New France, froze over in the winter, and this would allow them to continue to trade throughout the winter months. The Indians joined with the French in their attack. They began to attack New York settlements in 1690, burning down Schenectady, Salmon Falls, and Fort Loyal. New York and the colonies of New England joined together after meeting in New York City in May 1690 to attack the French in return. They attacked in Port Royal, Nova Scotia, and Quebec. The English were stopped in Acadia by the French and their Indian allies. Port Royal was taken in 1690 by Sir William Phips, the commander of the New England fleet. This was the capital of French Acadia and basically surrendered without much of a fight. Nevertheless, the English plundered the town. However, it was retaken by the French in 1691. Even after the war, this event was a factor in the deteriorating frontier relations between the English and the French colonists. Attack on Quebec Phips sailed to Quebec from Boston with around thirty ships. He sent word to Frontenac asking him to surrender the city. Frontenac responded in part: I will answer your general only by the mouths of my cannon, that he may learn that a man like me is not to be summoned after this fashion. With this response, Phips led his fleet in an attempt to take Quebec. His attack was made from land as a thousand men disembarked to set up cannons while Phips had four warships attack Quebec itself. Quebec was well defended both by its military strength and natural advantages. Further, smallpox was rampant, and the fleet ran out of ammunition. In the end, Phips was forced to retreat. Frontenac used this attack to shore up the fortifications around Quebec. After these failed attempts, the war continued for seven more years. However, most of the action seen in America was in the form of border raids and skirmishes. The war ended in 1697 with the Treaty of Ryswick. The effects of this treaty on the colonies was to return things to the status quo before the war. The borders of the territories previously claimed by New France, New England, and New York were to stay as they were before hostilities began. However, confrontations continued to plague the frontier after the war. Open hostilities would begin again in a few years with the beginning of Queen Annes War in 1701. Sources:Francis Parkman, France, and England in North America, Vol. 2: Count Frontenac and New France Under Louis XIV: A Half-Century of Conflict, Montcalm,  and Wolfe (New York, Library of America, 1983), p. 196.Place Royale, https://www.loa.org/books/111-france-and-england-in-north-america-volume-two

Verb Tenses and Forms on SAT Writing

Verb Tenses and Forms on SAT Writing SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Get excited for this article all about verbs!!! Tenses!! Gerunds!! Infinitives!! In my next article, I may write about not overusing exclamation points!!! Extreme punctuation aside, knowing when to use different verb tenses and forms will be extremely beneficial to you on the SAT Writing section, since these concepts are tested repeatedly on the SAT. There’s a lot of information in this article, but I promise that it’s all valuable and knowing it will help you maximize your SAT score. In this post, I’ll do the following: Define the verb tenses and forms that are tested on the SAT. Provide information about when to use different verb tenses. Detail how to construct verbs in different tenses. Explain and demonstrate how verbs are tested on the SAT. Provide practice questions to test you on what you’ve learned. Verb Tenses You Need To Know While you don’t need to know the names of verb tenses for the SAT, you do need to know when and how to properly use different verb tenses. We'll go through them one at a time. Present Function The present tense is the verb tense you use when for discussingthings that are currently happening or for statements of fact. Examples of verbs in the present tense are "runs," "plays," and "talk." Also, the present progressive is considered a form of the present tense. The present progressive is formed with the present tense of â€Å"to be† + the gerund (â€Å"ing†) form of the word. Examples of presentprogressive verbs are "am talking," "is explaining," and "are jumping." Typically, words like â€Å"currently† andâ€Å"now† indicate that you should use the present tense of a verb. Here's an example sentence for you: Currently, I am writing this amazing article. Construction Let's conjugate a verb in the present tense. This is the conjugation of the verb "walk". Singular Plural I walk We walk You walk You walk He/She/It Walks They walk The present tense is not specifically tested on the SAT Writing section, but you do need to know how to properly conjugate verbs in the present tense for subject-verb agreement questions. Simple Past Function Generally, any sentence that describes a completed action should contain a verb in the past tense. Construction Typically the simple past tense of a verb is formed by adding â€Å"ed† to the verb. The past tense of â€Å"destroy† is â€Å"destroyed†. The past tense of â€Å"talk† is â€Å"talked† and the past tense of â€Å"explain† is â€Å"explained.† Check out this example sentence: Yesterday, George watched seven hours of Netflix. Many verbs are irregular and do not follow this construction. For example, "buy" becomes "bought" in the past tense, "come" becomes "came," and "grow" becomes "grew." However, the SAT will not specifically test you on irregular verbs. Good stuff Present Perfect Function Use the present perfect tense for actions that began in the past but are still continuing in the present. Construction The present perfect is formed with has/have + the past participle. For regular verbs, the past participle is formed by adding "ed" to the verb. Examples of present perfect verbs include "has talked", "have done", and "has brought". Here is an example sentence with a verb in the present perfect tense. For the past seven hours, George has watched Netflix. As in this example, the words â€Å"for† and â€Å"since† often indicate that the present perfect tense is needed. Be aware, however, thatthere are other instances when context determines that you should use the present perfect tense. Past Perfect Function When a sentence describes two completed actions, the past perfect is used for the action that came first. Construction The past perfect tense is formed with had + the past participle. Examples of past perfect verbs include "had talked," "had danced," and "had grown." Look at this sentence that correctly uses the past perfect tense: By the time his mom came home from work, George had watched seven hours of Netflix. The seven hours of watching werecompleted before George'smom came home, so we use the past perfect for the verb "to watch." The action that comes firstshould be in the past perfect tense. Conditional Function The conditional tense is used to describe things that could occur or things that haven't yet occurred from the perspective of the past. Construction The conditional tense is formed with "would" + the verb. Examples of verbs in the conditional tense are "would talk," "would sing," and "would write." Future Function The future tense is used to describe things that have not yet occurred or could occur in the future. Construction The future tense is formed with "will" + the verb. Examples of verbs in the future tense are "will talk," "will sing," and "will write." Gerunds and Infinitives Gerund and Infinitive Function Both gerunds and infinitives are verbs that act like nouns. While gerunds and infinitives can often be used interchangeably, certain idiomatic expressions require you to use one or the other. Gerund Construction Gerunds are formed by adding "ing" to a verb. Examples of gerunds include "running," "jumping," and "singing." Infinitive Construction Infinitives are formed by adding "to" + the verb. Examples of infinitives include "to play," "to run," and "to jump." How Are Verb Tenses and Forms Tested on the SAT? Now that you're familiar with the different verb tenses and forms, we can discuss how theyare tested on the SAT. Consistency Most of the verb questions in the SAT Writing section have to do with consistency. The basic consistency rule regarding verbs is that verbs should remain consistent in tense or form throughout a sentence. Sentences that start in the past should stay in the past and sentences that start in the present should stay in the present. Check out this incorrect sentence that does not follow the consistency rule: Jerome attends study hall and played the violin. The verb "attends" is in the present tense and "played" is in the past. The verb tenses should be consistent. Here is a correct version of the sentence: Jerome attends study hall and plays the violin. We could have corrected the sentence by changing "attends" to "attended". The important thing to remember is that the verb tenses should be consistent. Sometimes, however, you can have a shift in tense and the sentence can still be correct. This kind of construction is only possible if the verbs are in different clauses. Take a look at these examples: Jeremiah bought a Lexus and impresses his peers. Jeremiah bought a Lexus because he wants to impress his peers. The first sentence is incorrect since "bought" and "impresses" are in different tenses but the same clause. The second sentence, on the other hand, is correct. The tense shift takes place in a different clause and the two verbs are occurring at different times: Jeremiah bought the car in the past, but he still wants to impress people in the present. Strategy If a verb is underlined in either the sentence improvement or identify the error subsection, make sure the verb follows consistency rules. If there are multiple verbs in the sentence, identify the tenses to make sure they're consistent. If there's a shift from past to present or vice versa, determine if the variation is acceptable given the context of the sentence. Here's an actual SAT Writing question that tests verb tense consistency. Real SAT Example Try to answer the following question from a real SAT. Explanation: The verb â€Å"has been† is part of the underlined phrase. Whenever you see a verb underlined, check for verb tense andsubject-verb agreement errors. â€Å"Has been† is in the present perfect tense. However, we know that the sentence should be in the past due to the verb â€Å"was† in the sentence. The verb tenses should be consistent. Also, the present perfect is used for something that is still going on, and, based on the context of the sentence, we know that we’re dealing with a completed action. Similarly, because there is not a sequence of completed actions, we know that we shouldn’t use the past perfect tense, "had been". After eliminating wrong choices, we’re left with C and D. Due to parallel structure rules, the infinitive â€Å"to conceive† should be used to be parallel with â€Å"to espouse† on the other side of the conjunction. The answer is D. On the SAT Writing section Let's take a look at another common type of verb form question on the SAT. Gerund Vs. Infinitive On the SAT, gerunds will be switched with infinitives. While both gerunds and infinitives are verbs that function as nouns, certain idiomatic expressions require you to use either a gerund or an infinitive. Typically, you have to rely on knowing what sounds right to determine whether to use a gerund or an infinitive. Here is an example of ansentence with an error: Luis has decided playing football next year. To fix the error, you have to know that the verb "decide"requires an infinitive to follow it. This is the corrected version of the same sentence: Luis decided to play football next year. How do you figure out gerund vs. infinitive questions on the SAT? Strategy Review the list of idioms with gerunds and infinitives. In sentences with a gerund or infinitive underlined, replace one with the other to determine what sounds better. Use this strategy and your knowledge of gerunds and infinitives to answer this actual SAT question. Real SAT Example Where is the error in the following sentence? Is there an error? Explanation: I hope your ear for what sounds right helped you figure this one out. There is a gerund, â€Å"working†, underlined. Replace the gerund with an infinitive to determine what sounds better. Would you say â€Å"they had an inability working together† or â€Å"they had an inability to work together†? The latter is correct, and the infinitive form should be used. The answer is C. Let's move onto some of the other commonly misused verb forms. Simple Past Vs. Present Perfect On the SAT, a verb will occasionallybe in the simple past tense when it should be in the present perfect and vice versa. As noted earlier, the past tense is used for completed actions. The present perfect is used for actions that began in the past and are still going on. Here is an example sentence with this sort of verb tense error: For the past month, I wrote articles for PrepScholar. The action, writing, started a month ago and is still going on. Therefore, you should use the present perfect tense. This is the corrected sentence: For the past month, I have written articles for PrepScholar. Will make you holler! I have a few tips to help you figure out whether to use the past or present present perfect on the SAT Writing section. Strategy For both past and present perfect tenses, determine the function of the verb based on the context of the sentence. Use your knowledge of how the tenses should be used to determine if the given tense is being used correctly. Keep in mind that words like â€Å"for† and â€Å"since† often indicate that the present perfect is required. Simple Past Vs. Past Perfect The simple past is for completed actions and the past perfect describes the first of two completed actions or events. On the SAT, occasionally, a verb will be in the simple past when it should be in the past perfect and vice versa. This is an example of an incorrect sentence: I never saw such a disgusting meal until I went to Applebee's. Because the â€Å"never seeing† happened before going to Applebee’s, the verb should be in the past perfect tense. This is the corrected version of the sentence: I had never seen such a disgusting meal until I went to Applebee's. The following advice will help you when you encounter a simple past vs. past perfect question on the SAT. Strategy Any time a simple past tense verb or past perfect verb is underlined, make sure the verb is being used correctly. The phrase â€Å"by the time† will often indicate that the past perfect is needed. Check out this past vs. past perfect question from the SAT. Real SAT Example Try to correctly answer this past vs. past perfect question that appeared on the identify the error subsection. Explanation: Let’s look at the underlined verb â€Å"had been†. It’s in the past perfect tense. Should it be? Well, the two actions, sharing the Nobel Prize and being the first woman to win, happened simultaneously. The past perfect should only be used for an action that is completed before another completed action. Therefore, the simple past should be used instead of the past perfect. The answer is C. The verb should be â€Å"was†. Would Vs. Will On rare occasions, "would" and "will" will be switched with one another. Generally, you only have to remember that "would" should be used with sentences in the past tense and "will" should be used with sentences in the present or future tense. Here is an example of an incorrect sentence: Bill Clinton, who will become president in 1992, was born in Hope, Arkansas. Because the sentence is in the past, as indicated by a date in the past, you need to use â€Å"would† instead of â€Å"will†. This is the corrected version: Bill Clinton, who would become president in 1992, was born in Hope, Arkansas. Strategy Any time that â€Å"would† or â€Å"will† is underlined, make sure that â€Å"would† is used for sentences in the past, and â€Å"will† is used for sentences in the present/future. Let's take a look at more verb questions from the SAT Writing section. More Real SAT Examples Try to correctly answer this identify the error question. Explanation: On first glance, nothing may seem incorrect. However, the phrase â€Å"twenty-five years after† indicates that the action is already completed. The event happened twenty-five years ago. The past tense should be used for completed actions. The verb â€Å"stimulate† is in the present tense and should be changed to â€Å"stimulated†. The answer is B. Here's another example question for you. Explanation:When you see a verb underlined, make sure it’s in the proper tense. The phrase â€Å"during the last fifty years† indicates that something started in the past and is still going on. What verb tense should we use in this situation? We should use the present perfect tense. â€Å"Come† is in the present tense. Also, the verb â€Å"have seemed† is a clue that â€Å"come† should be in the present perfect tense. In this situation, the tenses should be consistent. Therefore, â€Å"come† should be â€Å"have come†. The answer is B. Here are some more general tips for verb questions on SAT Writing. General Strategies for Verb Questions #1: If a Verb is Underlined, Check for Proper Tense and Form Whether on the sentence improvement or identify the error subsection, if a verb is part of an underlined phrase, there is a possible verb form error. #2: Look for Words/Phrases That Indicate Which Verb Tense Should Be Used Often, words or phrases elsewhere in the sentence will let you know what tense to use. If a date in the past is referenced, you should probably use a form of the past tense. If the word â€Å"since† is written, there should probably be a present perfect verb. Context clues are placed within a sentence to indicate the proper verb tense. Also, the other verbs in the sentence can indicate which tense to use. Remember consistency rules. #3: Replace Gerunds with Infinitives and Vice Versa If there is a sentence with a gerund or infinitive underlined, replace it with the other to determine which would work best in the given sentence. Rely on your ear and knowledge of idiomatic expressions for gerund/infinitive questions. I created some realistic practice questions to test you on what you've learned. Additional Practice Utilize your verb knowledge to answer the following SAT Writing practice questions. 1. When Toni Braxton performed (A) at the casino in Arizona (B), she sold (C) out the venue and had been given (D) a standing ovation. No error. (E) 2. Until (A) recently, people talk (B) to each other instead (C) of relying on texting and e-mail to communicate (D) with their peers. No error. (E) 3. For the past five years, Josh has been listening toTupacShakur. A. has been listening B. listens C. is listening D. will be listening E. listened 4. When (A) Mariah Carey released (B) her first album in 1990, (C) no one knew that she will (D) win 5 Grammy Awards and sell more than 60 million albums. No error. (E) Answers: 1. D, 2. B, 3. A, 4. D What's Next? Now that you'vethoroughly reviewed verb questions, check out this article on the complete parts of speech for SAT Writing. For an in-depth post about questions related to specific parts of speech, read this one on adjectives and adverbs. For those of you who are aiming for perfection, learn how to get a perfect score on SAT Writing. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Writing and grammar lesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Free Essays on 10 Commadments

I- Thou Shalt Nap And God gave unto Student a great gift, the gift of napping. God said to him, You shall spend half your day napping. You shall nap in class, in your room and in your friend’s room. And God said, if you don’t nap, you will not be able to stay up all night drinking. And Student said, Nap I shall, and it was good. II- Thou Shalt Get Sick All the Time Now God said to Student, you must be sick all of the time. And student said why. And God said unto him, you shall share drinks, stay up too late, drink too much and make out with people you don’t know. Therefore, God said, you shall be sick all year round. But God said, blessed are the sick for they have partied the hardest. And it was good. III- Thou Shalt Write Witty Away Messages Student asked, but God, how will I show everyone that I am funny? And God said unto him, thou shall write witty away messages. God said to student, you shall never just say you are in the shower, you shall say you are getting wet and wild†¦in the shower. You shall never say you are at class, you shall say you are sleeping†¦in class. God said, if you do not write witty away messages, I shall smite you. Blessed are the funny, for they will get many girls to be their friends but never hook up with them. And it was good. IV- Thou Shalt Wear a Hoodie And then Student asked God, God how do I look like a college kid. And God said unto student, you must wear a hoodie, for it is a useful garment. And you shall never wash it either. Student asked God what kind of Hoodie should it be and God said, you shall own one with your school’s logo on it and you shall own many others of varying colors and creeds. And Student was pleased and God was pleased. V- Thou Shalt Shit a Lot And Student asked of his bathroom habit and God told him, Student, you shall eat in the Cafeteria and you shall shit a lot. And it will not be good shit, it will be the shit of the devil for your ass shall burn ... Free Essays on 10 Commadments Free Essays on 10 Commadments I- Thou Shalt Nap And God gave unto Student a great gift, the gift of napping. God said to him, You shall spend half your day napping. You shall nap in class, in your room and in your friend’s room. And God said, if you don’t nap, you will not be able to stay up all night drinking. And Student said, Nap I shall, and it was good. II- Thou Shalt Get Sick All the Time Now God said to Student, you must be sick all of the time. And student said why. And God said unto him, you shall share drinks, stay up too late, drink too much and make out with people you don’t know. Therefore, God said, you shall be sick all year round. But God said, blessed are the sick for they have partied the hardest. And it was good. III- Thou Shalt Write Witty Away Messages Student asked, but God, how will I show everyone that I am funny? And God said unto him, thou shall write witty away messages. God said to student, you shall never just say you are in the shower, you shall say you are getting wet and wild†¦in the shower. You shall never say you are at class, you shall say you are sleeping†¦in class. God said, if you do not write witty away messages, I shall smite you. Blessed are the funny, for they will get many girls to be their friends but never hook up with them. And it was good. IV- Thou Shalt Wear a Hoodie And then Student asked God, God how do I look like a college kid. And God said unto student, you must wear a hoodie, for it is a useful garment. And you shall never wash it either. Student asked God what kind of Hoodie should it be and God said, you shall own one with your school’s logo on it and you shall own many others of varying colors and creeds. And Student was pleased and God was pleased. V- Thou Shalt Shit a Lot And Student asked of his bathroom habit and God told him, Student, you shall eat in the Cafeteria and you shall shit a lot. And it will not be good shit, it will be the shit of the devil for your ass shall burn ...

See Order Instructions Please Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

See Order Instructions Please - Essay Example After researching on the potential institutions that would help in realizing my career ambitions, I settled on the Sterling College, a Kansas-based Christian college. The ideology and philosophy propagated by this institution is in tandem with my aspirations of upholding Christian values in all aspects of life. For my case, I intend to uphold the Kingdom values by pursuing a career in the field of medicine, with specialization in pediatric cancer cases. Therefore, I plan to study biology, pre-medicine and a minor in music on my way to the realization of these ambitions. With my good GPA grade of 3.8 thus far, I am considering study in any field of biology like marine ecology and zoology as the second option. Apart from concentrating on academics associated with this scholarship, I anticipate an exciting extracurricular life, especially on games and music. This is in line with my previous life where I have been involved in playing volleyball for 4 years, singing for six years in which four was spent on Honor Choir and two as a Sound master. I also consider the contribution to the community as pivotal in the life of a Christian like me. This is evident in my previous involvement, in community service where I participated for two years in Sing station, a community singing group, three years in Loaves and Fishes, a group that delivers food to shut-ins and four years in Church Youth Group. I learned about the availability of this scholarship with great excitement.

Google Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Google - Assignment Example nternet companies operate from various countries, and regulations are developed for these companies by the government based on the existing legal framework. These are also known as cyber regulations. Companies failing to abide by the cyber guideline of different countries have also faced penalties like cancellation of their license to trade in the respective country (Factor, 2013). Google faced pressure from the Department of Justice in order to abandon their search terms, and censor the search results from the Government of China. Apart from this, the demand of the government to abide by the privacy policies were also considered and in 2008, Google started responding to the concerns of the customers by adding a link to the home page that will directly take them to the privacy center and show Google’s policies for privacy and security. The political trend affects the subsidies, tax holiday, or rule relaxations, which also affect the sources of revenue generation for a country. Countries like India outsource maximum IT services for countries like US, UK, or Australia (Google, 2013). Answer 4 The companies in the computer software and internet industry got badly affected like any other industry due to the recent financial crisis and recession. However, companies like Google were relatively isolated from such effects due to the strong search engine and internet based methods of advertisement in the world economy. Google was typically well-positioned even when other companies were facing problems of survival. This is mainly because of its diversified operations. Google Inc mainly benefited from advertisements, which made the company a recession-proof business (Google, n. d.). Answer 5 Google Inc is presently testing some new advertising agendas that pay the site owners... The researcher of this essay states that companies in the computer software and internet industry got badly affected recently, like any other industry due to the recent financial crisis and recession. However, it is analyzed that companies like Google were relatively isolated from such effects due to the strong search engine and internet based methods of advertisement in the world economy. Google was typically well-positioned even when other companies were facing problems of survival. This is mainly because of its diversified operations. The political and legal factors are the external factors which has a significant impact on the computer software, and internet industry. Google Inc mainly benefited from advertisements, which made the company a recession-proof business. Google Inc is presently testing some new advertising agendas that pay the site owners on the basis of cost per click model. This program, which is also known as Cost per action was floated through email invitation fro m Google AdSense to different website owners. The researcher mentions that Google Inc has been investing generously to keep up with the changing preferences of customers and users. Google possesses the advantage of the excellent IT framework, which supports its high performance in a cost effective manner. In conclusion, the researcher sums up his study and states that apart from every challenge, that was presented in this essay, Google also enjoys the massive cost advantage over its main competitors like Yahoo, eBay, Microsoft, or Amazon.

Economic Change Effect Frauds Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Economic Change Effect Frauds - Research Paper Example Workers are lower increasing financial difficulty since their residence discards in merit and their removal funds evaporate. Companies in about all segments are serious expenditures in toting up to dishonest off workers. Addition price have been dipping (North 2002). Self-worth is descending. Anxiety is stirring. The grouping of these conditions might generate a climate grown for misleading action. Even though both judgment and knowledge inform us so as to the risk of fraud could be keen in the current economy, it is almost unfeasible to measure the factual quantity of fraud happening at several known time. The enormous preponderance of fraudsters gets action to hide their crimes. Consequently, several frauds might not at all be trapped. Other strategies might be committed for years previous to they are exposed. In addition to, still amid those that are noticed, a great figure of cases would never be accounted, permitting them to stay concealed from the public eye. Therefore, no prec ise calculation of the height of fraud throughout the contemporary recession could subsist. However, examining the relationship between frauds along with a diluted economy is an important attempt. To obtain a pulsation on how the economy is touching fraud tendencies, the ACFE left to the professionals who are in the ditches hostility fraud on an every day basis. By reviewing anti-fraud experts about their knowledge and explanation, we expect to increase a number of imminent into the association between economic downswings and misleading action (Galbraith 2004). Evaluation The height of fraud has enhanced given that the starting of the economic disaster. We inquired peoples to contrast the stage of fraud they meet up throughout the 12 months previous the review (from near the beginning 2008 throughout early on 2009) to the figure of frauds they have seen or practiced in former years. Through recognizing alterations in the stage of seen deceptive action all through this age, we could collect a wide vision of the connection between the contemporary economic recession as well as executive offense (Galbraith 2004). To assist measure the degree of several seen alter, we subdivided the height of fraud into two metrics: numeral of cases and monetary shock. In addition, 49% seen an enhancement in the dollar sum lost to fraud throughout the similar era. At the same time as it is too quickly to obtain a obvious image of precisely how much fraud has started because the creation of the contemporary economic bend, the facts supplied by review individuals (particularly when joined with the deliberation of how much fraud has not up till now been noticed) offers a first-class sign that fraud is certainly on the mount. The reason of this inquiry is to study the publications on output externalities, with specific focus on the IRS, has evolved on the front lines of the method recounted above. This is significant for some reasons. Returns the first, encompassing the IRS (or in the broader sense, a skidding scale (VRS)) in a general equilibrium form of flawless affray can disclose precious data about the function of the IRS performances in working out worldwide trade to relation to a customary perform of unchanging returns to scale (CRS) - for demonstration, the environment of non-Pareto-optimal set of non-CRS, and its political consequences.  

Chrysler Electrical Cars Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Chrysler Electrical Cars - Essay Example It uses a 268 horsepower electric motor and has a gas tank that can hold 10 gallons of gasoline for providing an extended range. The Chrysler town is powered by a 255 horsepower electric motor and a two-cylinder gasoline engine. It has a gas tank that can hold up to nine gallons of gasoline. The fiat 500 E which was launched in Los Angeles Auto show in the year 2012 has an electric battery propulsion control system, High voltage battery plus in charging system, an advanced thermal management system and air bags. It was designed so as to improve the performance of the electric cars and competition to the General Motors Volt and Spark and the Ford Focus electric. Several changes were made including changing the 500 ICE powering unit, fitting a new chassis and suspension for the improvement of the driving dynamics and enhancing the aerodynamics. The aerodynamics of the Fiat 500 E was improved by re-sculpturing the front and the rear fascias. The quarter panels feature concave dimples and the rear fascia includes several round holes. The rear spoiler was tested for over 140 hours in a wind tunnel so as to cut the drag and add five additional miles of the mile per gallon range. The Fiat 500 E features a Smartphone application that is available for both android and apple oper ating systems. The Smartphone application is aimed for managing the charging, tracking energy usage, locating the vehicle and charging stations that are nearby. The Smartphone application also provides real time status of the vehicle and text message notifications, tracks the use of power and the user or driver can plan and send routes to vehicle (Journal of the ATA electric vehicle interest groups Geelong and Melbourne, issue 45 December 2012) The Iconic Italian design of the Fiat is driven by an 83-Kilowatt electric motor and a Lithium-ion battery (24kw) that is mounted to the floor of the car. The electric motor delivers 147

Mandatory Military Service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mandatory Military Service - Essay Example The researcher states that then thought of every able bodied person serving in the military elicits mixed reaction in different societies and other quarters, where some are for while others are against it. Engaging in military service for able bodied raises debates world over, which makes it crucial to assess the options between service or lack of it, whether mandatory service is more beneficial as compared to lack thereof. Mandatory military service should be recommended for every nation and state for different reasons that are only for the benefit of its people and the enlisting individuals, as a whole. One of the main reasons is that taking part in military service is an act of loyalty, and the right thing to do for everyone as a citizen. This is a duty in which every citizen should participate rather than wait for other members of the society to step forward risking their lives to protect those of others. This service ensures ignorance is eliminated from all members of society, a s they all know their responsibilities and what the military goes through. This is before they get to criticize the works of the military prior to understanding the implications of handling conflict, both armed and unarmed. In such cases, responsibilities of protecting the nation should be shouldered by all able bodied persons as without the mandatory system, the entire military would be a professional one. This is where the cost becomes overwhelming since the military wants to retain as many personnel as possible, which is not the case with mandatory service. Mandatory service ensures that the military is always ready with personnel and trains reserves since those that leave the military become reservists. These reservists are equipped with skills that benefit all members of the society regardless of conflicts as the same skills can be applied in life situations. Moreover, mandatory military service for every able bodied citizen is crucial to creating a patriotic nation and instill ing a sense of nationhood amongst the people (Imran). Serving in the military serves as an opportunity to inculcate a sense of pride in serving their country thus allowing them to fight for it and guard it under all circumstances. Although there are many other options from which one can choose to instill patriotism, mandatory military service instills pride and should, therefore, be practiced. It is also one of the ways through which one can serve his or her country; before going into the world to serve one’s own needs and interests. As such, it creates a sense of identity with the men and women fighting for the country by connecting with them. This connection is because the citizens know what it takes to be in the military, and how patriotic it is of them to serve in it. Serving in the military, therefore, should be enforced for every able bodied person for a defined period in which one evaluates his or her loyalties. However, mandatory military service should not be practic ed for clearly visible reasons that decapitate the values of the society, any society that is. This is provided the society in question follows a democratic view that should allow its people to make their own choices by joining the military. Furthermore, it ruins the social system by having the military leaders and other leaders with the power to influence the military have their own way. Hence, mandatory military service ensures that there are no reforms in the military, a heavy consequence for the people and the nation as a whole. This is because this service leaves people who are exempt from the service as lesser members of the society as compared to those who are enlisted. Therefore, they are discriminated against and used to achieve the means of recruiting and assigning officers (Connolly). Those that do not enlist in the military are required to serve mandatory community service that involves the providing cheap labor for other members of the society, as is the case of Germany . It is for this reason that every able bodied

Chrysler Electrical Cars Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Chrysler Electrical Cars - Essay Example It uses a 268 horsepower electric motor and has a gas tank that can hold 10 gallons of gasoline for providing an extended range. The Chrysler town is powered by a 255 horsepower electric motor and a two-cylinder gasoline engine. It has a gas tank that can hold up to nine gallons of gasoline. The fiat 500 E which was launched in Los Angeles Auto show in the year 2012 has an electric battery propulsion control system, High voltage battery plus in charging system, an advanced thermal management system and air bags. It was designed so as to improve the performance of the electric cars and competition to the General Motors Volt and Spark and the Ford Focus electric. Several changes were made including changing the 500 ICE powering unit, fitting a new chassis and suspension for the improvement of the driving dynamics and enhancing the aerodynamics. The aerodynamics of the Fiat 500 E was improved by re-sculpturing the front and the rear fascias. The quarter panels feature concave dimples and the rear fascia includes several round holes. The rear spoiler was tested for over 140 hours in a wind tunnel so as to cut the drag and add five additional miles of the mile per gallon range. The Fiat 500 E features a Smartphone application that is available for both android and apple oper ating systems. The Smartphone application is aimed for managing the charging, tracking energy usage, locating the vehicle and charging stations that are nearby. The Smartphone application also provides real time status of the vehicle and text message notifications, tracks the use of power and the user or driver can plan and send routes to vehicle (Journal of the ATA electric vehicle interest groups Geelong and Melbourne, issue 45 December 2012) The Iconic Italian design of the Fiat is driven by an 83-Kilowatt electric motor and a Lithium-ion battery (24kw) that is mounted to the floor of the car. The electric motor delivers 147

American Gov1 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

American Gov1 - Research Paper Example set out to prove this point and to have schools become integrated under the protection of the fourteenth amendment of the United States Constitution. The ruling of Brown v. Board of Education was the integration of public schools. This decision was important because it redefined what was or was not equal in the eyes of the law. The case and the final outcome brought to light the ill-interpretation of the Constitution. The thirteenth amendment had originally been construed to mean that equality from the view of the law could still be met through equal but segregated facilities (Patterson 2001). However, Brown was quick to point out the inaccuracy of the interpretation. They did this by making use of the fourteenth amendment, which speaks of complete and equal protection under the law. This meant that segregated educational facilities went against this law. The thirteenth amendment had been interpreted specifically to meet the needs of one group, yet the fourteenth amendment helped to show how the interpretation was inaccurate. Brown v. Board of Education impacted Americans as it meant that schools would no longer be segregated. America was slowly but surely becoming an equal and accepting country toward its own people, and the result of this case increased their efforts. Also, African-American children would be allowed to receive their education with students from other ethnic backgrounds. These students would get the exact same treatment and experience as their white counterparts. They were finally being treated with the equality that America had been boasting about for

Treatment of Women in “The Yellow Wallpaper” Essay Example for Free

Treatment of Women in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† Essay â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, is a short story which gives the reader insight on the plight of women in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. During this time, Gilman makes it clear that women were not only controlled by their husbands, but also by society. The particular elements in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† which lead to this conclusion are the setting of the story, both in terms of the main character’s room and the time period the story was written in, and the central conflict, which is the woman against her society. This paper will proceed to describe the significance of the woman’s surroundings and the societal pressures that held her captive.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† was written by Gilman in 1892. From the very first page of the story it is easy to ascertain the situation in which the protagonist finds herself. She firmly believes that she is ill, but her husband and brother, both â€Å"physicians† (Gilman, 286), believe that she is not. Instead, they claim that she has a, â€Å"temporary nervous depression a slight hysterical tendency† (Gilman, 286). The woman has no recourse against this diagnosis. One can safely assume that if the two doctors of the family feel the same way, any other doctor would hardly disagree. The woman has a desire to work and to be out in society, but her husband insists that she remain secluded and rest. Perhaps the seclusion would not be so bad if it was not for the room that her husband insisted she take for the summer. The woman describes it as a â€Å"nursery,† but many things about the room indicate that is may have been anything but. There are â€Å"barred† windows, and â€Å"rings and things in the walls† (Gilman, 288). The floor is â€Å"scratched and gouged and splintered,† there are holes in the walls, and the bed is in bad shape, as well as apparently bolted to the floor (Gilman, 290-291). The worst thing, however, is the yellow wallpaper. It is described as being, â€Å"repellant, almost revolting, a smouldering, unclean yellow† (Gilman, 288). The woman states that the paper has been pulled off in places, and the vine pattern is nearly maddening by description. This vivid recreation of the room makes one think that it probably was not a nursery at all. Instead, the room reminds one more of an insane asylum. Even though the husband claims the woman is not sick, one must wonder at his true thoughts after insisting his wife stay in such a room.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The woman tells the reader many things that she does not feel comfortable relating to her husband or her sister-in-law. She longs to be somewhere else, anywhere else. She pleads with her husband to let her visit with relatives, but he claims that she is not strong enough to go (Gilman, 292). She begs to go home early, but he won’t hear of it. It seems that, generally, whatever she wants to do that might make her feel a bit better is out of the question. Instead, he suggests that if she is not better in the Fall, she should go to a doctor that specializes in â€Å"female hysteria† (Gilman, 291). The woman knows that this doctor will do nothing for her that her husband is not already doing, and will probably restrict her even more (Gilman, 291).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The reader gets the impression that depression is not well understood by the society in which the woman lives. The cure, according to the times, was to have the woman simply sit around and do nothing while being kept mostly out of sight. While rest may be good for depression, it seems that society during Gilman’s time was ill equipped to deal with a woman who cried and found it difficult to carry out the demands expected of her. Since no one really knew what to do, it must have seemed best to hide such people away and pretend that the problem would fix itself.   Besides, the woman’s husband claimed that she was not sick for as long as he could. Depression was not seen as an illness, which lends credibility to the idea that the husband wanted to send the woman away to the other â€Å"doctor† so she would not be a burden to him. One clue to the woman’s problem rests in the revelation that she has a baby (Gilman, 293). No one mentions the age of the baby, but the impression is that the child is still very small. Postpartum depression would not be thought of until many years later, but the reader could make a case for the woman having this particular affliction. No matter what was wrong, it is clear that society was ill prepared to deal with illnesses of the mind.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The text of â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a struggle against society within itself. The woman mentions many times that she is not supposed to be writing, and many paragraphs are closed with the quick comment that someone is coming, and thus she must hide her papers away. Part of the woman’s â€Å"cure† was to not write, and being kept from writing, because her husband, â€Å"hates to have me write a word† (Gilman, 288) forces her to become more and more secretive. It could be that this impulse to sneak around and hide her feelings leads to her mental deterioration. It is very clear by the ending of the story that she might not have been crazy before, but the solitude and seclusion in the terrible yellow room pushes her to the very edge of sanity. She speaks of a woman who shares the room with her, but the other woman is trapped behind the wallpaper. While this seems to be a fairly harmless fantasy, she begins to believe that the woman is getting out and roaming around the house (Gilman, 297). Perhaps this is a wish, though through an altered state of mind, to be free and roam as she wished. Frightening enough, the woman seems to improve when she has this â€Å"other† woman to be concerned with (Gilman, 295). She will not tell anyone about this other woman, however, because â€Å"it does not do to trust people too much† (Gilman, 297). This woman is so trapped by the expectations of her society that she cannot feel safe explaining what she sees and how she feels. She is just as stuck as the woman behind the wallpaper.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The more ill the woman gets, the more she begins to see other women in the wallpaper (Gilman, 299).   They are â€Å"creeping† everywhere: behind the wallpaper, around the house, and in the garden. Not one of them is able to risk being seen, so they simply creep around and hide. This, in this writer’s opinion, is Gilman’s statement about all women in her society, ill or not. All women were kept under the thumb of someone, be it a father, husband, brother, or doctor. None of them were able to go out and do exactly what they wished, or be exactly what they wished. Instead, they were forced to move about in secret, not trusting anyone with their most inward feelings. Perhaps this led to the â€Å"hysteria† that men so liked to diagnose. When the woman finally manages to set the â€Å"other woman,† whom she now sees as herself, free, her husband faints with horror (Gilman, 300).   Not only did he faint, but to the woman’s annoyance he faints â€Å"right across (her) pathso that (she) had to creep over him every time!† (Gilman, 300).   Even when she set herself â€Å"free,† she still could not escape from societal ideals completely. She was still forced to â€Å"creep,† but at least she could finally creep over a man. The woman in the story is free because she has lost her mind, but Gilman is free because she can tell the story, even though she must creep around to get to the point. Women are captives of society, and they must do what is necessary to break out.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a story of a woman who goes mad due to her captivity, but it is also the story of many women who were forced into societal roles that they neither wanted or deserved. Husbands are blamed for most of the control of women, but society played a massive part. The time and physical setting of the story, as well as the central conflict of woman against society, is played out in Gilman’s story in an unusual way, but one that resonates even today. Mental illness is still stigmatizing to many people, not just women now, and many women still allow themselves to be pushed into roles they do not want to play by the men in their lives. Even though the story is well over one hundred years old, there are still lessons to be learned from a woman’s decent into madness and rise to mental freedom. It is a shame, however, that the only way to freedom was to lose touch with a world that would not grant it itself. Works Cited Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, New England Magazine, 1892.

Basic Concepts And Principles In Modern Musical Analysis Music Essay

Basic Concepts And Principles In Modern Musical Analysis Music Essay Abstract: this subject is fascinating through the interpretive possibilities that it opens. The accurate understanding and practice of Schenkers theories leads to a different perception of the music and to a natural way of performing. Therefore, we consider the schenkerian analysis not only a theory, but also a comprehensive way of understanding musical works. Schenkerian analysis provides a comprehensive view of music from the small to the large representing thus a great asset to hearing understanding and performance. Key words: musical analysis, Schenker, background, middle ground, foreground, prolongation, structure 1.  Introduction The schenkerian analyses are a method based on the theories of Heinrich Schenker whose purpose is to disclose the structure of a tonal piece, through musical notations. The basic principle in the structure of a piece for the Schenkerian analysis is showing hierarchical relationships amongst the notes of the passage through making reductions of the music and through a specialized symbolic musical notation that Schenker developed to demonstrate various techniques of prolongation. He considered that the deep, long-range structure of a piece of music has no particular rhythm, so the musical reductions of Schenkerian analysis are usually arrhythmic. Schenkerian analysis the long-range structure is defined Background (or fundamental structure, while the surface aspects of the music are the Foreground. One can state the idea that the background of a musical composition is arrhythmic or, rhythm is a characteristic of the musical foreground. In the most common way, the purpose of schenkerian analysis is to omit the unessential and to emphasize the important relations. 2. Basic concepts There are many methods of approaching the schenkerian analyses. Schenker, followed by Jonas, began by describing the essential structure of music: the triad and its linear unfolding through arpeggiation and through passing and auxiliary notes, in its most abstract form. Next, they discuss the forms that these structures could have in any musical context. Schenkers approach relies on the fundamental principles of the harmony and counterpoint. Allen Forte and Steven E. Gilbert, on the other hand, began by showing different apparitions of the arpeggiation, passing tones, etc. at the note-to-note level before showing the way to use these in order to create musical forms of greater proportions. Other music theorists, for example Felix Salzer and Carl Schachter, added to and spread Schenkers ideas. By the 1960s, Schenkerian analysis had begun to attract renewed interest, and by the 1980s, it had become one of the main analytical methods used by many music theorists. 2.1. Structural concepts Fundamental structure (Ursatz) is the representative progression of which all tonal pieces are hypothetically an elaboration that Schenker believed to be (along with a number of variants) the most basic expression of tonal music. It consists of the descending progression from , or in the upper part (Urlinie) over a bass progression (Bassbrechung) that emerges in the background as part of the fundamental structure. This progression represents one of the simplest contrapuntal expressions of the I-V-I unit. Schenker described the fundamental structure as a tension span, as the tension introduced by the initial is not resolved until the music reaches the final over the tonic. For Schenker, this tension span was what tied complex and various pieces of music into a single coherent work of art. Schenker considered that any piece of tonal music can be described as an elaboration of this pattern: tonal pieces generally start with I and the V I epitomizes the final perfect cadence of the piece. Nevertheless, in a longer piece, whole sections may prolong V (Schenker called this a tonicization of the dominant) and also, there may be other harmonic sections prolonged in between the initial I and the V of the final perfect cadence, the bass of the fundamental structure appearing in many different layers of a piece. The bass line is only a harmonic progression and Schenkers theory seeks to comprehend music in terms of a two-part contrapuntal structure. Layer or level (Schicht) represents the fundamental idea of Schenkerian theory that music consists of a series of layers of elaboration. Schenker suggests that simpler layers underpin the complex ones in almost the way in which a variation on a theme supports the surface of the music. Background (Hintergrund) refers only to the Ursatz form that covers a whole piece or movement. In some cases, one can use it to refer to the Ursatz and its immediate prolongations (like the initial ascent etc.) that are usually part of the first level of the middle ground. In theory, one simple progression that spans the entire piece is the foundation on which the composer created the entire piece. First-level Middle ground refers to the immediate prolongations of the Ursatz that Schenker restricts to a small number of strictly defined forms. The background sometimes refers to this level of the structure as elaborations. Middle ground (Mittelgrund) is the surface layer of a piece of music, the background being the deepest layer, of which the whole piece is understood to be an elaboration. The middle ground has a variable number of occurring layers that a Schenkerian analysis will identify between the foreground and background. Foreground (Vordergrund) is the surface layer of the music. Schenker regards music in terms of layers of elaboration from the profound structure to the surface. Prolongation refers to the elaboration of contrapuntal structures. Schenker considered that all tonal pieces are therefore, a prolongation of the Ursatz. The concept of prolongation lies at the foundation of Schenkers theory and is the most influential element of it. Using the basic principles of consonance and dissonance from species counterpoint, Schenker identifies a number of common linear units that he calls diminutions. Because diminutions must prolong a harmonic unit in Schenkers theory, only a note that is consonant with the prevailing harmony can generate a diminution. Prolongation is an extension through time (by an arpeggio, for example) in a piece of music of a harmonic unit (a chord or a note from that chord). Schenkers analyses, at their simplest level, show how linear units prolong harmonic units. Tonicization is the Schenkerian term for modulation. The use of this term highlights the fact that a tonal piece corresponds to a contrapuntal realization of the tonic. 2.2. Melodic concepts Fundamental descent (Urlinie) is the top line of the two-part Ursatz, comprising a note by note descent from , or to . The term reflects Schenkers belief that this archetypal descending motion underlines all tonal pieces. Primary tone (Kopfton) is the first note of the Urlinie (meaning the , or ). Finding the correct primary tone is an important aspect as it can make a considerable difference to the rest of an analysis. If the Urlinie appears is elaborated of an initial ascent, the Kopfton will not be found right at the beginning of the piece. Bass Arpeggiation (Bassbrechung) literally translates as breaking of the bass, but is more often referred to as the bass arpeggiation. The Bassbrechung is the I-V-I that support the Urlinie as part of the Ursatz, including all the elaborations of this pattern. The basic harmonic progression appears as contrapuntally elaborated, normally creating harmonic patterns such as I-III-V-I or I-II-V-I. Diminution refers to the embellishment of simpler musical structures beneath the surface of the music and describes the process of linear units prolonging harmonic ones. The process of analysis is partly one of looking behind the surface diminutions, but Schenker was more interested in a process of generation from background to foreground (composing-out). Schenker used the basic principles of consonance and dissonance from species counterpoint in order to identify a number of common linear units that he calls diminutions. His analyses, at their most simple level, show how these linear units prolong harmonic units. A theme and variations is a very good example of diminution, because in this genre, the theme supports increasingly complex figurations. Each variation is different but the presence of the theme beneath the surface of the music unifies the whole work. Arpeggiation (Brechung) is a simple elaboration that consists of notes consonant with the prolonged harmony. It is a single movement through notes from a harmony, in the same direction, prolonging a harmonic unit by arpeggiating the notes of the triad. An arpeggiation can only prolong a triad with the exception of the dominant seventh chord. This chord is universal in tonal music that in many situations it makes sense to treat it as a consonant sonority like the triad. In Schenkerian analysis, diminutions usually prolong a harmonic unit and a particular note from that unit. In the arpeggiation (where all the notes belong to the triad), just context could enlighten the main note that is being prolonged, although diminutions are always a prolongation of either their first or last note. The Schenkerian model is a dynamic one the diminution is not static but moves either to or from a principal note. Consonant Skip is a term used by Allen Forte and by some Schenkerian analysts to refer to simple two-note (or incomplete) arpeggiations, which usually constitute some sort of unfolding. The term refers to a particular diminution in which the voice leaps from one note of the harmonic unit to another note of the same harmonic unit. A consonant skip contains only notes from the harmonic unit that it is prolonging. In a Schenkerian analysis, diminutions generally prolong either a harmonic unit or a particular note from it. As in an arpeggiation, both notes from the consonant skip are belong to the triad of the harmonic unit, thus the prolonged note depends on the context. Neighbour Note (Nebennote) is a diminution in which a note is ornamented by a figure that moves stepwise to a note above or below the original note before returning to it. In other words, it elaborates a note of a chord through stepwise motion to and/or from a dissonance. Neighbour notes may also be incomplete (move to a note a step away and not return to the original note). A complete neighbour note moves stepwise a dissonance and back again. An incomplete neighbour note can move from the dissonance to the consonance or the reverse. Passing note (Durchgang) Some Schenkerian analysts recognize most passing note progressions as Linear Progressions (see separate entry). In order to be a true linear progression, however, the passing note must be the elaboration of a harmony. A passing note right at the foreground (surface) of a piece of music may not always fulfil this condition. Examples might be a chromatic passing note or a note that connects two surface harmonies. Mixture (Mischung) is the flattening or sharpening of scale degrees, the most common of which being to à ¢Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ­, which in the first level middle ground can change the mode of the piece from major to minor. It is ornamentation rather than a diminution because it does not derive from the rules of strict counterpoint. It describes the flattening or sharpening of scale degrees and it usually appears in the first level middle ground in connection with as shown below. It has the effect of changing the mode from major to minor and back again. Schenker most often uses the term mixture to refer to alternation between the major and minor third in a tonic triad. Linear progression (Zug) is the Schenkerian term for a passing note intensification that elaborates a specific harmony in the middle ground or foreground. Its first and last notes must be a part of the harmony at the end of the progression. A linear progression can be either ascending or descending, therefore it moves only in one direction. Schenker appreciates that the linear progression is the unfolding of a two-note interval made up of its initial and final note. In other words, the interval between these notes (first and last) gives a linear progression its name. The simplest linear progression is the passing note, which is dissonant as it passes from one consonant note to another. 3. Basic principles Heinrich Schenkers analytical approach of music engages looking beneath the surface of music in order to understand how it connects into larger spans. It is important for the performer to reflect on the direction and shape of the phrases, in a natural and logical way. At the basic level, one can understand Schenkers ideas as a formalization of his intuitive thinking that music should not be regarded as a series of notes, but in terms of larger-scale shapes and patterns. The basic method of Schenkerian analysis is to show how elaborations such as neighbour and passing notes, progressions and arpeggios group into forming music. These patterns do not appear only on the surface of the music but that they also span much larger fragments. Schenker regarded music like a superposition of layers/levels, the surface layer being the elaboration of a simpler layer beneath that surface. The surface of the music defines as the foreground, the deepest layer the background and those layers of elaborations in between refer to as the middle ground. In addition, an important feature of Schenkerian analysis is showing how melodic figures are elaborations of harmonies. The basic ideas stated by Schenker in his theory are quite simple, but the process of analysis is a complicated one, mostly because music itself is complex. Analysts that approached this kind of analysis found that it provides richly rewarding insights into the shape and structure of tonal music. Schenker is probably most famous for his suggestion that musical works are elaborations of the basic model that he called the Ursatz a two-voice reductive structure forming the basis for an analytical approach that emphasizes the essential simplicity of tonal music. It shows how pieces are contrapuntal elaborations of a tonic chord. Schenker stated that we could reduce a piece of music to the Ursatz, and we can explore the complexities of the piece by considering them in relation to this simple model. Some theorists (like Steven Porter (2002)) that approached schenkerian analysis referred to grammar in order to explain the principles of Schenkers theories, taking into consideration that notes and chords that belong to a musical phrase are like words into a sentence. One analyzes a word as a part of speech, having, in the same time, a function within the sentence. Felix Salzer (1952) introduced a concept that describes very well the schenkerian analysis: structural hearing. He considered that the understanding of tonal music is a matter of hearing, and the ear has to be trained to hear not only a succession of tones (sounds), melodic lines and chord progressions, but also their coherence and structural signification. Schenkers conceptions rely on an observation that represents the corner stone of his research: the distinction of the chord grammar and chord signification (Salzer, 1952). Chord grammar signifies the usual method of analysis, this being the most important feature of a harmonic analysis that has the purpose of status recognition of the chords in a musical piece. On the other hand, the study of chord signification shows his specific role in a phrase, or an entire piece. Schenker discovered that the roles that chords have are diverse. Two identical chords that appear in the same phrase can fulfil different functions. The signification and the function of a sound or of a chord depend on the direction of the movement and on the purpose, in other words on the context. Schenker made a distinction between structure chords and prolongation chords, by means of chord grammar and signification, taking into consideration the direction of music this being the main idea of his approach. Salzer considered that this method of understanding the movement of music represents the instinctive perception of a truly musical ear; this can be called structural hearing. The structural outline and framework work signifies the main movement to its goal, showing the shortest way to it. Nevertheless, the tension of music consists in modifications, expansions and elaborations called prolongations of the structure, and the artistic coherence rises if one understands their basic direction. The distinction between structure and prolongation led Schenker to a new conception of the functions of harmony and counterpoint in creating organic unity: not all chords are of harmonic origin, this statement having an effect on understanding the music. Schenkers harmony explains the tonal system like a group of major triads derived from the harmonic series, like a vertical aspect of music. His theories of counterpoint show the way that simple progressions can be ornamented following simple rules based on the succession of consonant and dissonant intervals, like a horizontal aspect of the music. In Free Composition (1953), Schenker explains the way that harmony and counterpoint combine in tonal compositions. Using the basic principles of consonance and dissonance from the species counterpoint, Schenker identifies a number of common linear units that he named diminutions, showing, by means of concrete analyses, the way that these linear units prolong harmonic units. The concept of prolongation is the base of the schenkerian theories and because the diminutions have to prolong a harmonic unity, just a consonant tone with the harmony can give rise to a diminution. Beside the structural and prolongation roles or the diverse functions that chords can have, they can have harmonic or contrapuntal importance. A chord performs a harmonic function in the context of a fundamental progression. Schenker considers that the term harmony should only refer to members of a harmonic progression; these are harmonies in the true sense of the word, because they connect based on a harmonic association (Salzer, 1953). Chords not based on harmonic associations are products of motion, direction, and embellishment and have a horizontal tendency. Harmonic chords are also structural chords (they constitute the structural framework), and the contrapuntal ones are chords of prolongation (they prolong and elaborate the space between members of harmonic progressions).